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The Dynastic Wars and the Wars of Religion

Modern World Civilization

Spring 2003

The Empire Strikes Back

� At first Rome decided to stand pat and suppress the rebels.

� Rome also underwent reform too.

� The Church placed a greater emphasis on mysticism.

� Within a generation, Rome was back in control in Germany, Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary.

� A major weapon used by Rome was the establishment of new orders, for example, The Society of Jesus better known as the Jesuits.

The Jesuits

� The Jesuits was organized by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556).

� **Loyola established rules for his order which he called The Spiritual Exercises.**

� The keys to Loyola were 1) obedience to authority and 2) develop a realistic approach to what ordinary people can accomplish.

Other Methods of Winning the Hearts and Souls

� **The Inquisition was another weapon used earlier against Heretics.**

� Church Councils were significant as well.

� Especially the Council of Trent: Which meet three times -- 1545-47; 1551-52; 1562-64 -- It reaffirmed the role of the Priesthood; the Seven Sacraments; Reaching Paradise via �Faith and Good Works�; and the role of the Church in interpreting the Sacraments and Theology.

The Inquisition was an Important Tool

Women as a Threat

Women Witches

� 90% of all witches were women.

� Men felt intimidated by strong, independent women.

� The Church did too.

� Older women, spinsters, women on the fringe were too independent for Early Modern males.

� Midwives and herbalists were often attacked.

Women�s opportunities were Limited

The Torment of the Accused

The Night Battles

Men Could Be Witches Too

The Fate of the Accused

What Options Did Women Have?

French and Spanish Rivalry

� After the Hundred Years� War, France had the strongest army and treasury in Europe.

� Charles VIII (1483-1498) decided to expand aboard and looked towards Italy.

� **The French were to successful and the French move led to the First Alliance in European History.**

� **This was called the League of the Papacy and was composed of Milan, Venice, the Holy Roman Empire.**

Continued French Efforts to Gain Italy

� Even though Charles VIII failed, Louis XII (1498-1515) attempted a similar adventure.

� In order to avoid a diplomatic alliance from isolating France, Louis XII allied with Spain, the Papal States, and the Holy Roman Empire.

� This was a tune up for the struggle between the Valois dynasty and the Habsburgs -- Francis I and Charles V.

� **Francis I was captured during the Battle of Pavia (1525) and held prisoner in Madrid.**

� By 1559, France was forced to recognize Habsburg control

Why Italy?

What Made Italy Significant?

� Economic Wealth

� Military Weak

� Lack of Effective Security Arrangements

� Gave the Appearance of Vulnerability

� Controlled the Mediterranean Trade Routes

� For France and Spain they were easy pickings.

� France used trumped up claims to attempt to seize Milan

Ruling Families of France

� Merovingian Kings (478-737)

� Carolingian Kings (768-814)

� Capetian Kings (987-1328)

� Valois Kings (1328-1589)

� Bourbon Kings (1589-1791, 1815-30)

Francis I

The Wars of Religion in France

� France was almost a nation-state by the time of the reign of Francis I (1515-47)

� But France was also experiencing troubles between Catholics and Protestants.

� After the death of her husband in 1547, the Queen, Catherine d� Medici, tried to protect her son and her grandson.

The War of the Three Henrys

� France slowly drifted off into war between Catholics and Protestants.

� Important families sought the power of the throne.

� Those families were the House of Bourbon, the House of Guise, and the House of Valois.

� The most violent was the St. Bartholomew�s Day Massacre in 1572.

Why is the Thirty Years War Important?

� Kept Germany Divided for nearly 230 years.

� Allowed France to intercede in German affairs.

� The last peace settlement in Europe until 1815.

� It ended the Holy Roman Empire as a major player in European history.

� The damage to Germany was proportionally greater than World War II.

The First Phase

� A religious struggle between Catholics and Protestants, especially Calvinists who were not a party to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

� As a result Germany became an armed camp.

� On one side you had the Protestant League.

� On the other the Catholic League.

� **There would be trouble when the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II (1618-37) attempted to restore Catholic control in Germany.**

The Second Phase: The Start

� Sometimes called the Bohemian Phase occurred between 1618-25.

� Started because the Czechs wanted to be independent from the Germans

� **At the center was a strong Protestant ground called the Ultraquists.**

� **The Ultraquists provoked an incident known as the Defenestration of Prague in 1618.**

The Second Phase: The Ultraquists Depose the Holy Roman Emperor

� Ferdinand was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1619.

� The Ultraquists deposed him as King of Bohemia.

� Instead they elected Frederick V, the leader of the Protestant League as King.

� The Spanish from their base in the Netherlands occupied the Palatinate allowing Ferdinand to crush the Czechs at White Mountain in 1620.

The Third Phase or Danish Phase

� A new Protestant champion emerged.

� **His name was Christian IV of Denmark.**

� He not only wanted to help his co-religionists, but also to expand his realm into Northern Germany.

� **The Habsburgs were fortunate to find an able General in Wallenstein (1583-1634)**

� **Wallenstein was a German Condottieri.**

Austria and Denmark

� Wallenstein raised a new army, and with other Austrian generals, crushed Frederick IV.

� The Danes had to sign the Treaty of Lubeck and the Edict of Restitution in 1629.

� Now Calvinists and Protestants were excluded from religious toleration.

� All Catholic lands lost since 1551 had to be returned.

� And Christian IV had to agree not to interfere in German affairs.

The Swedish Period

� At the height of Catholic victories in 1630, Sweden entered the war.

� The King of Sweden was Gustavus Adolphus and was a major player in the conflict.

� Cardinal Richelieu bank rolled the Swedes.

� Soon, Gustavus restored the Protestants with victories at Leipzig in 1631 and Lutzen in the following year.

� The Catholics hurt their cause with the sack of Magdeburg, the maiden city of Protestantism.

The Correlation of Forces Change Again.

� Gustavus is killed in battle.

� Wallenstein wanted to become a king and is assassinated in 1934.

� The Emperor was no doubt involved in the assassination.

Cardinal Richelieu: Master of Diplomacy

The French Period

� Even without the Swedish warrior king, the Swedes continued to roll up victories.

� **The French continued their financial arrangement and encouraged Christian IV to re-enter the conflict.**

� **When things were going to slowly, Richelieu had the French invade the Rhineland.**

� Forcing the Habsburg�s to throw in the towel.

� **The result was the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.**

Peace of Westphalia

The Dynastic Wars and the Wars of Religion

Modern World Civilization

Spring 2003

The Empire Strikes Back

� At first Rome decided to stand pat and suppress the rebels.

� Rome also underwent reform too.

� The Church placed a greater emphasis on mysticism.

� Within a generation, Rome was back in control in Germany, Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary.

� A major weapon used by Rome was the establishment of new orders, for example, The Society of Jesus better known as the Jesuits.

The Jesuits

� The Jesuits was organized by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556).

� Loyola established rules for his order which he called The Spiritual Exercises.

� The keys to Loyola were 1) obedience to authority and 2) develop a realistic approach to what ordinary people can accomplish.

Other Methods of Winning the Hearts and Souls

� The Inquisition was another weapon used earlier against Heretics.

� Church Councils were significant as well.

� Especially the Council of Trent: Which meet three times -- 1545-47; 1551-52; 1562-64 -- It reaffirmed the role of the Priesthood; the Seven Sacraments; Reaching Paradise via �Faith and Good Works�; and the role of the Church in interpreting the Sacraments and Theology.

The Inquisition was an Important Tool

Women as a Threat

Women Witches

� 90% of all witches were women.

� Men felt intimidated by strong, independent women.

� The Church did too.

� Older women, spinsters, women on the fringe were too independent for Early Modern males.

� Midwives and herbalists were often attacked.

Women�s opportunities were Limited

The Torment of the Accused

The Night Battles

Men Could Be Witches Too

The Fate of the Accused

What Options Did Women Have?

French and Spanish Rivalry

� After the Hundred Years� War, France had the strongest army and treasury in Europe.

� Charles VIII (1483-1498) decided to expand aboard and looked towards Italy.

� The French were to successful and the French move led to the First Alliance in European History.

� This was called the League of the Papacy and was composed of Milan, Venice, the Holy Roman Empire.

Continued French Efforts to Gain Italy

� Even though Charles VIII failed, Louis XII (1498-1515) attempted a similar adventure.

� In order to avoid a diplomatic alliance from isolating France, Louis XII allied with Spain, the Papal States, and the Holy Roman Empire.

� This was a tune up for the struggle between the Valois dynasty and the Habsburgs -- Francis I and Charles V.

� Francis I was captured during the Battle of Pavia (1525) and held prisoner in Madrid.

� By 1559, France was forced to recognize Habsburg control

Why Italy?

What Made Italy Significant?

� Economic Wealth

� Military Weak

� Lack of Effective Security Arrangements

� Gave the Appearance of Vulnerability

� Controlled the Mediterranean Trade Routes

� For France and Spain they were easy pickings.

� France used trumped up claims to attempt to seize Milan

Ruling Families of France

� Merovingian Kings (478-737)

� Carolingian Kings (768-814)

� Capetian Kings (987-1328)

� Valois Kings (1328-1589)

� Bourbon Kings (1589-1791, 1815-30)

Francis I

The Wars of Religion in France

� France was almost a nation-state by the time of the reign of Francis I (1515-47)

� But France was also experiencing troubles between Catholics and Protestants.

� After the death of her husband in 1547, the Queen, Catherine d� Medici, tried to protect her son and her grandson.

The War of the Three Henrys

� France slowly drifted off into war between Catholics and Protestants.

� Important families sought the power of the throne.

� Those families were the House of Bourbon, the House of Guise, and the House of Valois.

� The most violent was the St. Bartholomew�s Day Massacre in 1572.

Why is the Thirty Years War Important?

� Kept Germany Divided for nearly 230 years.

� Allowed France to intercede in German affairs.

� The last peace settlement in Europe until 1815.

� It ended the Holy Roman Empire as a major player in European history.

� The damage to Germany was proportionally greater than World War II.

The First Phase

� A religious struggle between Catholics and Protestants, especially Calvinists who were not a party to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

� As a result Germany became an armed camp.

� On one side you had the Protestant League.

� On the other the Catholic League.

� There would be trouble when the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II (1618-37) attempted to restore Catholic control in Germany.

The Second Phase: The Start

� **Loyola established rules for his order which he called The Spiritual Exercises.**

� **The Inquisition was another weapon used earlier against Heretics.**

� **The French were to successful and the French move led to the First Alliance in European History.**

� **This was called the League of the Papacy and was composed of Milan, Venice, the Holy Roman Empire.**

� **Francis I was captured during the Battle of Pavia (1525) and held prisoner in Madrid.**

� **There would be trouble when the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II (1618-37) attempted to restore Catholic control in Germany.**

� **At the center was a strong Protestant ground called the Ultraquists.**

� **The Ultraquists provoked an incident known as the Defenestration of Prague in 1618.**

� **His name was Christian IV of Denmark.**

� **The Habsburgs were fortunate to find an able General in Wallenstein (1583-1634)**

� **Wallenstein was a German Condottieri.**

� **The French continued their financial arrangement and encouraged Christian IV to re-enter the conflict.**

� **When things were going to slowly, Richelieu had the French invade the Rhineland.**

� **The result was the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.**