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The Reformation
Modern World Civilization
Spring 2003
The Roman Church
Man and God in the Middle Ages
Today people are concerned about
the here and now.
In the Middle Ages, people were
concerned about the hereafter.
They were willing to experience
the pains of hell on Earth if they could only receive the pleasures of heavenly
bliss in the future.
The Relationship between God and
the Faithful
The Relationship of Man and
God in the Middle Ages
The
Relationship Today between God and
the Faithful
Other Factors that contributed
to the Reformation
The Babylonian Captivity
(1309-1377).
The Great Schism (1377-1417).
Struggle with the Church
Councils.
Ignorance of the Clergy.
Selling Church Offices (Simony).
Selecting relatives to run high
church offices (Nepotism).
Holding more than one Church
post at a time (Pluralism).
Secular spirit of the Clergy.
Rise of nationalism.
Economic motivation.
The results of the Renaissance.
The Seven Sacraments
of the Roman Catholic Church
Baptism
Marriage
Eucharist
Extreme Unction
Confirmation
Holy Orders
Penance
Who is this guy Brother Luther?
Luthers Background
Martin Luthers dates were
1483-1546.
He was the son of an ex-peasant
miner and was selected of all the children to be educated.
He was educated by the Brethren
of the Common Life.
He attended Erfurt University
and was given a liberal education.
He was a good student and was
about to take a degree in Law, when he had a religious experience.
Luther as a Monk
He entered an Augustinian
monastery.
There he was concerned about
salvation.
He was told to read St. Paul.
From St. Paul he discovered that
the just shall live by faith alone.
How Revolutionary Was That?
Man no longer needed the rituals
of the Church.
Earlier, salvation only came
from: Faith and Good Works.
Now, Faith alone was enough to
allow you to enter the heavenly kingdom.
All was good and peaceful.
Luther was teaching at
Wittenberg.
Then along came John Tetzel, who
was selling Indulgences.
Luthers Response
Luther posted his 95 Theses on
the Church door in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517.
Luther was summoned by Charles
V, Holy Roman Emperor, and told to recant at the Diet of Worms in 1521.
Luther refused, since he had an
important sponsor, the Duke of Saxony.
He told Charles V: Here I
Stand.
Charles V
Sόleyman the Magnificent
Luther Had Problems
Major Elements of Lutheranism
The Latin Vulgate was translated
into German.
The Church was composed of all
believers.
Reduced Sacraments to two:
Baptism and Eucharist.
He abolished the authority of
the Church hierarchy.
Priests were allowed to marry.
Who is Calvin?
Calvins Background
Was born in France in 1509.
He was a son of a lawyer.
Educated at the University of
Paris and well grounded in the humanities, theology, and prepared for the law.
He showed signs of being another
Erasmus (a great thinker of the Renaissance).
At 24, he converted to
Protestantism.
Calvin as a Protestant
He was very zealous as a
Protestant and had to go into hiding.
While in hiding, he wrote The
Institutes of the Christian Religion.
He eventually found a home in
Geneva, where he set out to create a heavenly city.
He enforced a strict moral code.
He would not tolerate too many
questions -- ask Michael Servetus -- who he had burned at the stake.
Calvins Changes to the Church
The Church was very simple and
plain.
He stressed a concept called
The Elect.
God, according to Calvin, had
mapped out human existence.
Some he saved, the were The
Elect.
In time, this came to be
associated with those who were successful in business.
He also established an Academy
in Geneva, where he trained many others to spread the faith.
Areas Where Calvinism was
Important
Switzerland.
The Dutch Netherlands.
Scotland.
The German Palatinate.
Eventually in England.
Protestant Religions Associated
with Calvinism
Congregationalists.
Baptists.
Presbyterians.
Henry VIII, I am, I am
Origins of Anglicanism
The origins for the Reformation
in England came during the reign of Henry VIII (1509-47).
Earlier, he was called by the
Pope, The Defender of the Faith.
The real reason was that his
wife of 18 years, Catherine of Aragon, could only provide him with daughters.
Henrys Papal Request
When it became apparent that
Catherine could no longer bear children.
Henry decided that she had to
go.
Henry asked the Pope for an
annulment.
But the Pope could not give
Henry what he wanted.
Since Catherine was the
favorite Aunt of Charles V whose troops occupied Rome.
Henrys Response to the Popes
Denial
When the Pope failed to respond,
Henry took matters into his own hands.
Parliament passed the Act of
Supremacy making the King the head of the Church in England not the Pope.
Henry then seized all Church
lands.
Then the Archbishop of
Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer granted Henrys annulment.
This freed Henry to marry
Anne Boleyn.
Henry was married six times in
all.
No Matter How Things Change,
They Still Stay The Same
Henry was no Protestant.
Parliament passed the Six
Articles that maintained traditional Catholic Doctrine.
Both Protestants and Catholics
that challenged Henry met the same fate.
Only during the short reign of
his son, Edward VI (1547-53) did England move in the direction of
Protestantism.
Changes During the Reign of
Edward VI and After
Thomas Cranmer introduced the
Book of Common Prayer.
As well as the Forty-Two
Articles of Faith that were in the Calvinist tradition.
But following the early death of
Edward there was a period of reaction under the reign of Mary I (1553-58).
She restored Catholicism and
even married Philip II of Spain.
The Virgin Queen
Elizabeth I, The Virgin Queen
She was a free spirit who
thought Theology was a bore.
Her chief interest was
protecting her realm -- England.
Slowly during her reign, England
became more Protestant.
Cranmers Book of Common Prayer
was readopted.
The 42 Articles were reduced to
39 Articles of Faith.
The Episcopal System was
retained as well as two of the Seven Sacraments.
Almost everyone in England
accepted her changes, except for the militants -- known as the Puritans.
General Information
Some people didnt think that
England went far enough with breaking with Rome.
Those people were called
radicals.
The radicals were highly
individualistic.
It is also difficult to
generalize about them because they had many differing views.
The Issue of Baptism
One of the commonly held beliefs
was the issue of baptism.
A true Christian in their view
was someone who was born again.
This meant being baptized as an
adult.
Anabaptism means re-baptism.
Beliefs of the Anabaptists
They believed that the true
church was a gathered church of all believers, not a territorial church.
They tried to live lives of
uncompromising holiness.
They felt that the Holy Spirit
spoke directly to them.
They refused to swore oaths,
serve the state, recognize titles, or serve in the armed forces.
They lived a communal life.
Fear and Loathing
They were attacked by all sides
during the Reformation.
Some were violent, like
Thomas Munster, who fanned the flames of the Peasant Wars.
John of Leyden
established a dictatorship in Munster.
Traditional Anabaptists
Many Anabaptists were pious men.
Conrad Grabel
was one who was a humanist in Switzerland.
Menno Simon
was another and he was from the Netherlands.
Simons followers expanded
throughout Europe.
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